Lithosphere is the outer shell of rocky planets. Lithosphere derived from the Greek word lithos (λίθος) meaning rocky, and sphere (σφαῖρα) which means solid. Lithosphere derived from the word lithos meaning rock, and it means a layer of spheres. Literally lithosphere is the outer layer of the earth's most often called by the skin of the earth. In this layer generally occurs from chemical compounds that are rich in Si02, which is why the lithospheric layer is often called the layer silicate and has an average thickness of 30 km consisting of two parts, the upper lithosphere (the land with approximately 35% or 1 / 3 parts) and lower lithosphere (the sea with approximately 65% or 2 / 3 part).
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and upper part of the mantle resulting in severity the outermost layer of the planet Earth. Lithosphere is supported by the asthenosphere, which is part of the weaker, hotter, and deeper than the mantle. The boundary between lithosphere and asthenosphere are distinguished in terms of its response to stress: the lithosphere remains solid within a relatively long geological and elastic changes due to the cracks, sednagkan asthenosphere changed as viscous liquid.
Lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates that cause the motion continent due to convection occurring in the asthenosphere.
The concept of the lithosphere as the strongest layer of the earth's outer layer was developed by the Barrel in 1914, who wrote a series of papers to support the concept. concept is based on the existence of a significant gravity anomalies over continental crust, which then he predicted the existence of strong layers (which he called the lithosphere) above the weak layer that can flow by convection (which he called the asthenosphere). This idea was then developed by Daly in 1940, and has been widely accepted by specialists in geology and geophysics. Although the theory of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere developed before the theory of plate tectonics was developed in 1960, the concept of the existence of strong layer (lithosphere) and weak layer (asthenosphere) remains an important part of the theory.
There are two types of lithosphere
* Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with ocean crust and at the bottom samdura
* Continental lithosphere, which is associated with the continental crust
Oceanic lithosphere has a thickness of 50-100 km, while continental lithosphere has a depth of 40-200 km. Differentiated continental crust with a layer of upper mantle because of the existence of layers Mohorovicic
Material Forming lithosphere
Lithosphere is composed of three main kinds of material with a basis of its formation is Magma with a variety of different processes. Here is the rocky material making up the lithosphere,
Frozen rocks (Igneous Rock)
Igneous rocks are rocks formed from magma that freeze into solid incandescent, with about 80% rocky material that make up the crust rocks are igneous rocks. Based on the formation of magma frozen. Igneous rocks are divided into three kinds,
Frozen In Stone (Plutonic / Abisik)
Igneous rocks in place of freezing magma took place slowly while still deep within the earth's crust. Examples of igneous rocks in the granite, diotit, and gabbro.
Frozen Rock Gang / excavation
Igneous dike occurs from the frozen magma in the hallway between the kitchen and the surface of the earth's magma. Magma that seeped in between the layers of the lithosphere of solidification process that lasted more quickly, so that mineral crystals formed is not all great. The mixture of mineral crystals that are not the same magnitude is characteristic of igneous dike.
Frozen Out Rocks
Igneous rock out there from magma that comes out of the frozen magma chamber in the earth's surface (such as volcanic eruptions of magma results). Examples of igneous rocks outside are: basalt, diorite, andesite, obsidin, scoria, pumice rock (bumice).
Sedimentary rocks (Sedimentary Rock)
Sedimentary rocks are mineral rocks that have formed on the surface of the earth who experienced weathering. Part - the part that separated from the results of the independent and ditansportasikan weathering by water flow, wind, or by the glacier which is then deposited or tersedimentasi and there Diagenetic processes that cause sediment and hardened into sedimentary assistance. Sedimentary rocks are composed of, based forming process,
1. Sedimentary rocks are clastic
2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Based on the transport of sediments composed of rock,
1. Sedimentary rocks Aeris or Aeolis
2. Glacial Sedimentary Rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks Aquatis
4. Marine Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic rocks (metamorphic)
Metamorphic rocks formed due to the addition of the temperature or the addition of high pressure and occur simultaneously in sedimentary rock.
The layer structure of the Earth's Crust
In the lithosphere, there are more than 2000 minerals and only 20 minerals found in rocks. Important rock-forming minerals, namely quartz (Si02), Feldspar, pyroxene, Mika White (K-Al-Silicate), biotite or Mika Brown (K-Fe-Al-Silicate), Amphibol, chlorite, Calcite (CaC03), dolomite (CaMgCOT3), Olivine (Mg, Fe), Iron ore hematite (Fe2O3), magnetic (Fe3O2), and limonite (Fe3OH2O). In addition, the lithosphere is composed of two parts, the layers and layers Sima Shit. Damn layer of the earth's crust is composed of silicon and aluminum metal, its compounds in the form of SiO2 and Al2O3. In pesky layer (silicon and aluminum), among others, there are sedimentary rocks, granite, andesite, the types of metamorphic rocks, and other rocks found on the continent. Sima layer (silicon magnesium) that the earth's crust is composed of silicon metal and magnesium compounds in the form of SiO2 and MgO layer has a greater density than the layer of bad luck because it contains iron and magnesium is magnesium ferrous minerals and basaltic rocks. Rocks forming the crust is always experienced cycles or cycle, that is rock changes form from magma, igneous rock, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, and back again into the magma.
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Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and upper part of the mantle resulting in severity the outermost layer of the planet Earth. Lithosphere is supported by the asthenosphere, which is part of the weaker, hotter, and deeper than the mantle. The boundary between lithosphere and asthenosphere are distinguished in terms of its response to stress: the lithosphere remains solid within a relatively long geological and elastic changes due to the cracks, sednagkan asthenosphere changed as viscous liquid.
Lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates that cause the motion continent due to convection occurring in the asthenosphere.
The concept of the lithosphere as the strongest layer of the earth's outer layer was developed by the Barrel in 1914, who wrote a series of papers to support the concept. concept is based on the existence of a significant gravity anomalies over continental crust, which then he predicted the existence of strong layers (which he called the lithosphere) above the weak layer that can flow by convection (which he called the asthenosphere). This idea was then developed by Daly in 1940, and has been widely accepted by specialists in geology and geophysics. Although the theory of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere developed before the theory of plate tectonics was developed in 1960, the concept of the existence of strong layer (lithosphere) and weak layer (asthenosphere) remains an important part of the theory.
There are two types of lithosphere
* Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with ocean crust and at the bottom samdura
* Continental lithosphere, which is associated with the continental crust
Oceanic lithosphere has a thickness of 50-100 km, while continental lithosphere has a depth of 40-200 km. Differentiated continental crust with a layer of upper mantle because of the existence of layers Mohorovicic
Material Forming lithosphere
Lithosphere is composed of three main kinds of material with a basis of its formation is Magma with a variety of different processes. Here is the rocky material making up the lithosphere,
Frozen rocks (Igneous Rock)
Igneous rocks are rocks formed from magma that freeze into solid incandescent, with about 80% rocky material that make up the crust rocks are igneous rocks. Based on the formation of magma frozen. Igneous rocks are divided into three kinds,
Frozen In Stone (Plutonic / Abisik)
Igneous rocks in place of freezing magma took place slowly while still deep within the earth's crust. Examples of igneous rocks in the granite, diotit, and gabbro.
Frozen Rock Gang / excavation
Igneous dike occurs from the frozen magma in the hallway between the kitchen and the surface of the earth's magma. Magma that seeped in between the layers of the lithosphere of solidification process that lasted more quickly, so that mineral crystals formed is not all great. The mixture of mineral crystals that are not the same magnitude is characteristic of igneous dike.
Frozen Out Rocks
Igneous rock out there from magma that comes out of the frozen magma chamber in the earth's surface (such as volcanic eruptions of magma results). Examples of igneous rocks outside are: basalt, diorite, andesite, obsidin, scoria, pumice rock (bumice).
Sedimentary rocks (Sedimentary Rock)
Sedimentary rocks are mineral rocks that have formed on the surface of the earth who experienced weathering. Part - the part that separated from the results of the independent and ditansportasikan weathering by water flow, wind, or by the glacier which is then deposited or tersedimentasi and there Diagenetic processes that cause sediment and hardened into sedimentary assistance. Sedimentary rocks are composed of, based forming process,
1. Sedimentary rocks are clastic
2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks
Based on the transport of sediments composed of rock,
1. Sedimentary rocks Aeris or Aeolis
2. Glacial Sedimentary Rocks
3. Sedimentary rocks Aquatis
4. Marine Sedimentary Rocks
Metamorphic rocks (metamorphic)
Metamorphic rocks formed due to the addition of the temperature or the addition of high pressure and occur simultaneously in sedimentary rock.
The layer structure of the Earth's Crust
In the lithosphere, there are more than 2000 minerals and only 20 minerals found in rocks. Important rock-forming minerals, namely quartz (Si02), Feldspar, pyroxene, Mika White (K-Al-Silicate), biotite or Mika Brown (K-Fe-Al-Silicate), Amphibol, chlorite, Calcite (CaC03), dolomite (CaMgCOT3), Olivine (Mg, Fe), Iron ore hematite (Fe2O3), magnetic (Fe3O2), and limonite (Fe3OH2O). In addition, the lithosphere is composed of two parts, the layers and layers Sima Shit. Damn layer of the earth's crust is composed of silicon and aluminum metal, its compounds in the form of SiO2 and Al2O3. In pesky layer (silicon and aluminum), among others, there are sedimentary rocks, granite, andesite, the types of metamorphic rocks, and other rocks found on the continent. Sima layer (silicon magnesium) that the earth's crust is composed of silicon metal and magnesium compounds in the form of SiO2 and MgO layer has a greater density than the layer of bad luck because it contains iron and magnesium is magnesium ferrous minerals and basaltic rocks. Rocks forming the crust is always experienced cycles or cycle, that is rock changes form from magma, igneous rock, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, and back again into the magma.
Referensi:
- Geologi (J.A. Katili). Bandung: Pertjetakan Kilatmadju, 1979
- Catatan Mata Kuliah Geomorfologi Umum. Jakarta: Pendidikan Geografi - Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2000
- Barrel J. 1914. The Strength of the Earth's Crust. Journal of Geology
- Daly R. 1940. Strength and Structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice Hall
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