Litosfer

Lithosphere is the outer shell of rocky planets. Lithosphere derived from the Greek word lithos (λίθος) meaning rocky, and sphere (σφαῖρα) which means solid. Lithosphere derived from the word lithos meaning rock, and it means a layer of spheres. Literally lithosphere is the outer layer of the earth's most often called by the skin of the earth. In this layer generally occurs from chemical compounds that are rich in Si02, which is why the lithospheric layer is often called the layer silicate and has an average thickness of 30 km consisting of two parts, the upper lithosphere (the land with approximately 35% or 1 / 3 parts) and lower lithosphere (the sea with approximately 65% ​​or 2 / 3 part).
Earth's lithosphere includes the crust and upper part of the mantle resulting in severity the outermost layer of the planet Earth. Lithosphere is supported by the asthenosphere, which is part of the weaker, hotter, and deeper than the mantle. The boundary between lithosphere and asthenosphere are distinguished in terms of its response to stress: the lithosphere remains solid within a relatively long geological and elastic changes due to the cracks, sednagkan asthenosphere changed as viscous liquid.
Lithosphere is broken up into tectonic plates that cause the motion continent due to convection occurring in the asthenosphere.
The concept of the lithosphere as the strongest layer of the earth's outer layer was developed by the Barrel in 1914, who wrote a series of papers to support the concept. concept is based on the existence of a significant gravity anomalies over continental crust, which then he predicted the existence of strong layers (which he called the lithosphere) above the weak layer that can flow by convection (which he called the asthenosphere). This idea was then developed by Daly in 1940, and has been widely accepted by specialists in geology and geophysics. Although the theory of the lithosphere and the asthenosphere developed before the theory of plate tectonics was developed in 1960, the concept of the existence of strong layer (lithosphere) and weak layer (asthenosphere) remains an important part of the theory.
There are two types of lithosphere

    * Oceanic lithosphere, which is associated with ocean crust and at the bottom samdura
    * Continental lithosphere, which is associated with the continental crust
Oceanic lithosphere has a thickness of 50-100 km, while continental lithosphere has a depth of 40-200 km. Differentiated continental crust with a layer of upper mantle because of the existence of layers Mohorovicic

Material Forming lithosphere
Lithosphere is composed of three main kinds of material with a basis of its formation is Magma with a variety of different processes. Here is the rocky material making up the lithosphere,
 
Frozen rocks (Igneous Rock)

Igneous rocks are rocks formed from magma that freeze into solid incandescent, with about 80% rocky material that make up the crust rocks are igneous rocks. Based on the formation of magma frozen. Igneous rocks are divided into three kinds,

 
Frozen In Stone (Plutonic / Abisik)

Igneous rocks in place of freezing magma took place slowly while still deep within the earth's crust. Examples of igneous rocks in the granite, diotit, and gabbro.
Frozen Rock Gang / excavation

Igneous dike occurs from the frozen magma in the hallway between the kitchen and the surface of the earth's magma. Magma that seeped in between the layers of the lithosphere of solidification process that lasted more quickly, so that mineral crystals formed is not all great. The mixture of mineral crystals that are not the same magnitude is characteristic of igneous dike.
 
Frozen Out Rocks

Igneous rock out there from magma that comes out of the frozen magma chamber in the earth's surface (such as volcanic eruptions of magma results). Examples of igneous rocks outside are: basalt, diorite, andesite, obsidin, scoria, pumice rock (bumice).
 
Sedimentary rocks (Sedimentary Rock)
Sedimentary rocks are mineral rocks that have formed on the surface of the earth who experienced weathering. Part - the part that separated from the results of the independent and ditansportasikan weathering by water flow, wind, or by the glacier which is then deposited or tersedimentasi and there Diagenetic processes that cause sediment and hardened into sedimentary assistance. Sedimentary rocks are composed of, based forming process,


    1. Sedimentary rocks are clastic
    2. Chemical Sedimentary Rocks
    3. Organic Sedimentary Rocks

Based on the transport of sediments composed of rock,

    1. Sedimentary rocks Aeris or Aeolis
    2. Glacial Sedimentary Rocks
    3. Sedimentary rocks Aquatis
    4. Marine Sedimentary Rocks

 Metamorphic rocks (metamorphic)

Metamorphic rocks formed due to the addition of the temperature or the addition of high pressure and occur simultaneously in sedimentary rock.
The layer structure of the Earth's Crust

In the lithosphere, there are more than 2000 minerals and only 20 minerals found in rocks. Important rock-forming minerals, namely quartz (Si02), Feldspar, pyroxene, Mika White (K-Al-Silicate), biotite or Mika Brown (K-Fe-Al-Silicate), Amphibol, chlorite, Calcite (CaC03), dolomite (CaMgCOT3), Olivine (Mg, Fe), Iron ore hematite (Fe2O3), magnetic (Fe3O2), and limonite (Fe3OH2O). In addition, the lithosphere is composed of two parts, the layers and layers Sima Shit. Damn layer of the earth's crust is composed of silicon and aluminum metal, its compounds in the form of SiO2 and Al2O3. In pesky layer (silicon and aluminum), among others, there are sedimentary rocks, granite, andesite, the types of metamorphic rocks, and other rocks found on the continent. Sima layer (silicon magnesium) that the earth's crust is composed of silicon metal and magnesium compounds in the form of SiO2 and MgO layer has a greater density than the layer of bad luck because it contains iron and magnesium is magnesium ferrous minerals and basaltic rocks. Rocks forming the crust is always experienced cycles or cycle, that is rock changes form from magma, igneous rock, sedimentary rocks, metamorphic rocks, and back again into the magma.

Referensi:

• Geologi (J.A. Katili). Bandung: Pertjetakan Kilatmadju, 1979
• Catatan Mata Kuliah Geomorfologi Umum. Jakarta: Pendidikan Geografi - Universitas Negeri Jakarta, 2000
• Barrel J. 1914. The Strength of the Earth's Crust. Journal of Geology
• Daly R. 1940. Strength and Structure of the Earth. New York: Prentice Hall

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The earth's crust

The crust is the outermost layer of Earth is divided into two categories, namely the ocean crust and continental crust. Oceanic crust has a thickness of about 5-10 km, while continental crust has a thickness of about 20-70 km. The author, a major oceanic crust is basaltic rock, whereas the continental crust rocks are the main constituent is a granite, basalt rock that is not crowded.
The earth's crust and part of the lithospheric mantle to form layers with a total thickness of approximately 80 km.
Crust temperature increases with depth. In the limit of touching digits terbawahnya crust temperature 200-400 oC. The crust and the mantle lithosphere layer of relatively solid shape. Because convection in the upper mantle and asthenosphere, the lithosphere is broken into tectonic plates that move. The temperature increased 30 ° C per km, but the geothermal gradient will be lower in the deeper crust.
The main chemical elements forming the earth's crust are: Oxygen (O) (46.6%), Silicon (Si) (27.7%), Aluminum (Al) (8.1%), Iron (Fe) (5, 0%), Calcium (Ca) (3.6%), Sodium (Na) (2.8%), Potassium (K) (2.6%), Magnesium (Mg) (2.1%).
The experts can reconstruct the layers that exist beneath the earth's surface based on the analysis conducted on seismograms recorded by seismic recording stations in the entire world.
Primordial Earth's crust is very thin, and may undergo a process of tectonic plate recycling by far more active than today and destroyed several times by an asteroid collision, which was very common in the early solar system. The oldest age of oceanic crust at this time is 200 million, but the continental crust has a much older layer. Continental crust of the oldest known today is the age of 3.7 to 4.28 billion years old and found in Narryer Gneiss Terrane in Western Australia and in Acasta Gneiss, Canada.
Formation of continental crust associated with periods of intense orogeny. This period is associated with the formation of such super-continent Rodinia, Pangaea and Gondwana.

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Mount Chimborazo

 Stratovolcano Chimborazo (pronounced [tʃimboraso]) that is inactive is the highest peak of Ecuador. Last eruption is thought to occur in the early millennium AD. High mountain is 6268.2 meters.

Facts about Chimborazo

Not many people know about Mount Chimborazo in Ecuador with an altitude of 6310 meters (20,703 feet), vary slightly from Mount Everest, but have differences in Chimborazo become the highest mountain in the upper center of the earth. This is because the Earth has a round shaft. As the shaft round, Earth is the most extensive in the equator. Chimborazo just one degree south of the equator of the earth and the location is 6384 miles from the center of the Earth, or about 2 miles farther from Earth's center than Mount Everest.

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Rotation

Rotation is the rotation of objects on a fixed axis, such as kazoos and rotation of the earth's rotation on the shaft / axis. For Earth, this rotation occurs in the line / axis / axis north-south (the vertical line and slightly skewed to the right). So the north-south line of the earth does not coincide with the axis of rotation of the earth, as seen on "world globe ball" used in earth science studies / geography. Rotation speed is measured by the number of revolutions per unit time. For example, our earth rotates one revolution per 24 hours. For the rotational machine that spins faster than the earth's rotation, we use unit rotations per minute (rpm).

As a result of this rotational motion, then the object will experience a centrifugal force, the type of style in physics that cause the object will be thrown out. This would seem felt at the time we drove through a circular bend. At the time this car moving in a circle with a rather high speed, the passenger in the car will feel thrown to the side (to the outside of the circle) as a result of centrifugal force.

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Jupiter

Jupiter or Jupiter is the fifth closest planet from the Sun after Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars.

The average distance between Jupiter and the Sun is 778.3 million km. Jupiter is the largest and heaviest planet with a diameter of 14,980 km and has a mass 318 times the mass of the earth. This planetary rotation period is 9.8 hours, while the period of revolution is 11.86 years.

On the surface of this planet there is a giant red spots. Jupiter's atmosphere contains hydrogen (H), helium (He), methane (CH4) and ammonia (NH3). Jupiter's upper atmosphere consists of 88-92% hydrogen and 8-12% helium. Surface temperatures range from-140oC to 21oC. Like the other planets, Jupiter is composed of elements from iron and other heavy elements. Jupiter has 63 satellites, including Io, Europa, Ganymede, Callisto (Galilean moons).

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Rings of Jupiter

Jupiter has a ring of very thin, almost the same color with a little atmosphere and reflect sunlight. Jupiter's rings are formed of material that dark reddish. The material is not a constituent of the ice like Saturn but is rock and dust fragments. After investigation, Jupiter's rings are the result of the failed formation of Jupiter's satellites.

 

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Sun

Sun or Surya is also called (from the name of god "Surya" - the Sun God in Hindu belief) is the closest star to Earth with an average distance of 149,680,000 kilometers (93,026,724 miles). The sun and the planets of the eighth (which is already known / discovered by humans) to form the Solar System. The sun is categorized as a small star type G.
Illustration of the structure of the sun

The sun is a ball of incandescent gas and was not really round. Sun has the equator and poles since the rotational motion. Diameter ekuatorialnya 864,000 miles, while the median line between the poles 43 miles shorter. Sun is a member of the largest solar system, because 98% of the mass of the Solar System accumulated in the sun.

In addition to the center of circulation, the sun is also a central source of energy in the solar neighborhood. The sun's core and consists of three layers of skin, each photosphere, chromosphere and corona. To continue to shine, the sun, which consists of hot gas hydrogen exchange substances with substances helium through nuclear fusion reactions at levels of 600 million tonnes, with the loss of four million tons of mass each time.

The sun is believed to form in 4.6 billion years ago. Density is 1.41 solar masses versus mass of water. Total solar energy reaching the Earth's surface that are recognized as the solar constant equal to 1370 watts per square meter at any time. The sun as the center of the Solar System is a second generation star. Material from the sun formed from the explosion of the first generation of stars like that are believed by scientists, that the universe was formed by the big bang explosion about 14,000 million years ago.

Distance of sun from the earth

Distance sun to the earth is 149,669,000 kilometers (93,000,000 miles). This distance is known as the astronomical unit and the usual rounded (for simplification count) to 148 million km. Compared with the earth, sun diameter of approximately 112 time. Sun's gravity is about 30 times the force of gravity. Sunlight eight-minute travel time to get to Earth. Strong sunlight can cause damage to the eye sensor networks and result in blindness.
 

Temperature

According to the calculations of experts, the temperature at the surface of the sun around 6,000 ° C but some are mentioning the surface temperature of 5500 ° C. Type of rock or metal anything on this Earth will melt at such high temperatures. The highest temperature is located in the middle, which is estimated not less than 25 million degrees Celsius, but also noted that at its core temperature 15 million degrees Celsius. There is a mention in the core temperature of the sun about about about 13,889,000 ° C. According to JR Meyer, the sun's heat comes from the meteorite that fell at high speed on the surface of the sun. Meanwhile, according to the theory of Helmholz H contraction, the heat was coming from the shrinking ball of gas. Another expert, Dr. bothe states that the heat is derived from thermonuclear reactions are also called synthetic reaction of hydrogen helium.

Turnover Sun

Because the sun is not solid but rather in the form of plasma, causing the rotation is faster at the equator than at the poles. Rotation on khatulistiwanya region is about 25 days and 35 days in the polar regions. Each round and has 27.9 times the gravity of Earth gravity. There julangan very hot gas that can reach up to thousands and even millions of kilometers into space. Shot of the sun 'sun flares' can disrupt the communication such as radio waves, TV and radars on Earth and can damage satellites or space stations that are not protected. The sun also produces radio waves, ultra-violet waves, infra-red rays, X-rays and solar winds that spread to the entire solar system.
Earth sheltered than the solar wind by the Earth's magnetic field, while also protecting the Earth's ozone layer than ultra-violet rays and infra-red rays. There were sunspots that appear from time to time in the sun are caused by differences in temperature on the surface of the sun. It signifies the region of sunspots that "less hot" versus other regions and achieve breadth exceeds the size of Earth. Sometimes hinder the circulation of the Moon around the Earth until sinaran sun to Earth, by the result in the occurrence of solar eclipse.

Prominensa

Flame in the sun or also called Prominensa is a very large part of the sun, the light that sticking out of the sun's surface, often shaped loop (round). 26-27 September 2009, spacecraft (Stereo Stereo A and B) that specifically monitor the sun for 30 hours to record this phenomenon.
Prominensa occur in layers in the solar photosphere and move out into the solar corona. If the corona is a gas that has been ionized becomes very hot, not-so-called plasma light show, prominensa contains a cooler plasma.
Prominensa typically protrude up to thousands of kilometers, the largest ever observed seen in 1997 with a length of approximately 350,000 kilometers - about 28 times the diameter of the earth. The mass of material contained within prominensa weighing up to 100 billion tons.

Solar Movement

Sun has two kinds of motion as follows:

     * The rotation around its axis, length 25 1 / 2 day one-time round. Rotational movement can be proved with visible black spots in the nucleus which is sometimes located on the right and approximately 2 weeks is on the left.
     * Moving between cluster-cluster stars. In addition to rotating, the sun moves between star clusters with a speed of 20 km per second, the movement that surrounds the center of the galaxy.

  Benefits sun

     * The sun has a very important function for the earth. Beam energy the sun has made ​​the earth remains warm for life, makes air and water circulating in the earth, plants can photosynthesize, and many other things.
     * Represents a source of energy (heat rays). The energy contained in coal and oil actually comes from the sun.
     * Controlling the stability of the circulation of the earth that also means controlling the occurrence of day and night, year and control the other planets. Without the sun, it is difficult to imagine that there will be life on earth.

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